|   |   | Natural hazards (2005) | Natural hazards (2002) | 
				  | 
				Afghanistan | 
				damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts | 
				damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Albania | 
				destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought | 
				destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought | 
				
				  | 
				Algeria | 
				mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season | 
				mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season | 
				
				  | 
				American Samoa | 
				typhoons common from December to March | 
				typhoons common from December to March | 
				
				  | 
				Andorra | 
				avalanches | 
				avalanches | 
				
				  | 
				Angola | 
				locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau | 
				locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau | 
				
				  | 
				Anguilla | 
				frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October) | 
				frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October) | 
				
				  | 
				Antarctica | 
				katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf | 
				katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf | 
				
				  | 
				Antigua and Barbuda | 
				hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts | 
				hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Arctic Ocean | 
				ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May | 
				ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May | 
				
				  | 
				Argentina | 
				San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding | 
				San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the Pampas and northeast; heavy flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Armenia | 
				occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts | 
				occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Aruba | 
				lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt | 
				lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt | 
				
				  | 
				Ashmore and Cartier Islands | 
				surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards | 
				surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards | 
				
				  | 
				Atlantic Ocean | 
				icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December) | 
				icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December) | 
				
				  | 
				Australia | 
				cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires | 
				cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires | 
				
				  | 
				Austria | 
				landslides; avalanches; earthquakes | 
				landslides; avalanches; earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Azerbaijan | 
				droughts | 
				droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Bahamas, The | 
				hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage | 
				hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage | 
				
				  | 
				Bahrain | 
				periodic droughts; dust storms | 
				periodic droughts; dust storms | 
				
				  | 
				Baker Island | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard | 
				
				  | 
				Bangladesh | 
				droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season | 
				droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season | 
				
				  | 
				Barbados | 
				infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides | 
				infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides | 
				
				  | 
				Bassas da India | 
				maritime hazard since it is usually under water during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones | 
				maritime hazard since it is usually under water during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones | 
				
				  | 
				Belarus | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Belgium | 
				flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes | 
				flooding is a threat in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes | 
				
				  | 
				Belize | 
				frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south) | 
				frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south) | 
				
				  | 
				Benin | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March | 
				
				  | 
				Bermuda | 
				hurricanes (June to November) | 
				hurricanes (June to November) | 
				
				  | 
				Bhutan | 
				violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season | 
				violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season | 
				
				  | 
				Bolivia | 
				flooding in the northeast (March-April) | 
				flooding in the northeast (March-April) | 
				
				  | 
				Bosnia and Herzegovina | 
				destructive earthquakes | 
				destructive earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Botswana | 
				periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility | 
				periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility | 
				
				  | 
				Bouvet Island | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Brazil | 
				recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south | 
				recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south | 
				
				  | 
				British Indian Ocean Territory | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				British Virgin Islands | 
				hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October) | 
				hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October) | 
				
				  | 
				Brunei | 
				typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare | 
				typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are very rare | 
				
				  | 
				Bulgaria | 
				earthquakes, landslides | 
				earthquakes, landslides | 
				
				  | 
				Burkina Faso | 
				recurring droughts | 
				recurring droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Burma | 
				destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts | 
				destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Burundi | 
				flooding, landslides, drought | 
				flooding, landslides, drought | 
				
				  | 
				Cambodia | 
				monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts | 
				monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Cameroon | 
				volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes | 
				volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes | 
				
				  | 
				Canada | 
				continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains | 
				continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains | 
				
				  | 
				Cape Verde | 
				prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active | 
				prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active | 
				
				  | 
				Cayman Islands | 
				hurricanes (July to November) | 
				hurricanes (July to November) | 
				
				  | 
				Central African Republic | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common | 
				
				  | 
				Chad | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues | 
				
				  | 
				Chile | 
				severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis | 
				severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis | 
				
				  | 
				China | 
				frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence | 
				frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence | 
				
				  | 
				Christmas Island | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard | 
				
				  | 
				Clipperton Island | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				 Islands-2005-bmala.jpg)  | 
				Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 
				cyclone season is October to April | 
				cyclone season is October to April | 
				
				  | 
				Colombia | 
				highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts | 
				highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Comoros | 
				cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano | 
				cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano | 
				
				  | 
				Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 
				periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes | 
				periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes | 
				
				  | 
				Congo, Republic of the | 
				seasonal flooding | 
				seasonal flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Cook Islands | 
				typhoons (November to March) | 
				typhoons (November to March) | 
				
				  | 
				Coral Sea Islands | 
				occasional tropical cyclones | 
				occasional tropical cyclones | 
				
				  | 
				Costa Rica | 
				occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes | 
				occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes | 
				
				  | 
				Cote d'Ivoire | 
				coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible | 
				coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible | 
				
				  | 
				Croatia | 
				destructive earthquakes | 
				destructive earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Cuba | 
				the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common | 
				the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common | 
				
				  | 
				Cyprus | 
				moderate earthquake activity; droughts | 
				moderate earthquake activity; droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Czech Republic | 
				flooding | 
				flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Denmark | 
				flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes | 
				flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes | 
				
				  | 
				Djibouti | 
				earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods | 
				earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods | 
				
				  | 
				Dominica | 
				flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months | 
				flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months | 
				
				  | 
				Dominican Republic | 
				lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts | 
				lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				East Timor | 
				floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones | 
				floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones | 
				
				  | 
				Ecuador | 
				frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts | 
				frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Egypt | 
				periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms | 
				periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms | 
				
				  | 
				El Salvador | 
				known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes | 
				known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes | 
				
				  | 
				Equatorial Guinea | 
				violent windstorms, flash floods | 
				violent windstorms, flash floods | 
				
				  | 
				Eritrea | 
				frequent droughts; locust swarms | 
				frequent droughts; locust swarms | 
				
				  | 
				Estonia | 
				sometimes flooding occurs in the spring | 
				sometimes flooding occurs in the spring | 
				
				  | 
				Ethiopia | 
				geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts | 
				geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Europa Island | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				European Union | 
				flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic | 
				- | 
				
				-2005-bmala.jpg)  | 
				Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) | 
				strong winds persist throughout the year | 
				strong winds persist throughout the year | 
				
				  | 
				Faroe Islands | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Fiji | 
				cyclonic storms can occur from November to January | 
				cyclonic storms can occur from November to January | 
				
				  | 
				Finland | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				France | 
				flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean | 
				flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean | 
				
				  | 
				French Guiana | 
				high frequency of heavy showers and severe thunderstorms; flooding | 
				high frequency of heavy showers and severe thunderstorms; flooding | 
				
				  | 
				French Polynesia | 
				occasional cyclonic storms in January | 
				occasional cyclonic storms in January | 
				
				  | 
				French Southern and Antarctic Lands | 
				Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes | 
				Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes | 
				
				  | 
				Gabon | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Gambia, The | 
				drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years) | 
				drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years) | 
				
				  | 
				Gaza Strip | 
				droughts | 
				droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Georgia | 
				earthquakes | 
				earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Germany | 
				flooding | 
				flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Ghana | 
				dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts | 
				dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Gibraltar | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Glorioso Islands | 
				periodic cyclones | 
				periodic cyclones | 
				
				  | 
				Greece | 
				severe earthquakes | 
				severe earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Greenland | 
				continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island | 
				continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island | 
				
				  | 
				Grenada | 
				lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November | 
				lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November | 
				
				  | 
				Guadeloupe | 
				hurricanes (June to October); Soufriere de Guadeloupe is an active volcano | 
				hurricanes (June to October); Soufriere de Guadeloupe is an active volcano | 
				
				  | 
				Guam | 
				frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (June - December) | 
				frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (June - December) | 
				
				  | 
				Guatemala | 
				numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms | 
				numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms | 
				
				  | 
				Guernsey | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Guinea | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season | 
				
				  | 
				Guinea-Bissau | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires | 
				hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires | 
				
				  | 
				Guyana | 
				flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons | 
				flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons | 
				
				  | 
				Haiti | 
				lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts | 
				lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Heard Island and McDonald Islands | 
				Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island | 
				Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island | 
				
				-2005-bmala.jpg)  | 
				Holy See (Vatican City) | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Honduras | 
				frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast | 
				frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast | 
				
				  | 
				Hong Kong | 
				occasional typhoons | 
				occasional typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Howland Island | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard | 
				
				  | 
				Iceland | 
				earthquakes and volcanic activity | 
				earthquakes and volcanic activity | 
				
				  | 
				India | 
				droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes | 
				droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Indian Ocean | 
				occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches | 
				occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches | 
				
				  | 
				Indonesia | 
				occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires | 
				occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires | 
				
				  | 
				Iran | 
				periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes | 
				periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast | 
				
				  | 
				Iraq | 
				dust storms, sandstorms, floods | 
				dust storms, sandstorms, floods | 
				
				  | 
				Ireland | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Isle of Man | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Israel | 
				sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes | 
				sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Italy | 
				regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice | 
				regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice | 
				
				  | 
				Jamaica | 
				hurricanes (especially July to November) | 
				hurricanes (especially July to November) | 
				
				  | 
				Jan Mayen | 
				dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970 | 
				dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970 | 
				
				  | 
				Japan | 
				many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons | 
				many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Jarvis Island | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard | 
				the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard | 
				
				  | 
				Jersey | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Johnston Atoll | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Jordan | 
				droughts; periodic earthquakes | 
				droughts; periodic earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Juan de Nova Island | 
				periodic cyclones | 
				periodic cyclones | 
				
				  | 
				Kazakhstan | 
				earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty | 
				earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty | 
				
				  | 
				Kenya | 
				recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons | 
				recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons | 
				
				  | 
				Kingman Reef | 
				wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard | 
				wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard | 
				
				  | 
				Kiribati | 
				typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level | 
				typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level | 
				
				  | 
				Korea, North | 
				late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall | 
				late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall | 
				
				  | 
				Korea, South | 
				occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest | 
				occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest | 
				
				  | 
				Kuwait | 
				sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August | 
				sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April; they bring heavy rain which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August | 
				
				  | 
				Kyrgyzstan | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Laos | 
				floods, droughts | 
				floods, droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Latvia | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Lebanon | 
				dust storms, sandstorms | 
				dust storms, sandstorms | 
				
				  | 
				Lesotho | 
				periodic droughts | 
				periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Liberia | 
				dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March) | 
				dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March) | 
				
				  | 
				Libya | 
				hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms | 
				hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms | 
				
				  | 
				Liechtenstein | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Lithuania | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Luxembourg | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Macau | 
				typhoons | 
				typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Macedonia | 
				high seismic risks | 
				- | 
				
				  | 
				Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of | 
				- | 
				high seismic risks | 
				
				  | 
				Madagascar | 
				periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation | 
				periodic cyclones | 
				
				  | 
				Malawi | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Malaysia | 
				flooding, landslides, forest fires | 
				flooding, landslides, forest fires | 
				
				  | 
				Maldives | 
				low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise | 
				low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise | 
				
				  | 
				Mali | 
				hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding | 
				hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Malta | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Marshall Islands | 
				infrequent typhoons | 
				infrequent typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Martinique | 
				hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average of one major natural disaster every five years) | 
				hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average of one major natural disaster every five years) | 
				
				  | 
				Mauritania | 
				hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts | 
				hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Mauritius | 
				cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards | 
				cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards | 
				
				  | 
				Mayotte | 
				cyclones during rainy season | 
				cyclones during rainy season | 
				
				  | 
				Mexico | 
				tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts | 
				tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts | 
				
				  | 
				Micronesia, Federated States of | 
				typhoons (June to December) | 
				typhoons (June to December) | 
				
				  | 
				Midway Islands | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Moldova | 
				landslides (57 cases in 1998) | 
				landslides (57 cases in 1998) | 
				
				  | 
				Monaco | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Mongolia | 
				dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which is harsh winter conditions | 
				dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud", which is harsh winter conditions | 
				
				  | 
				Montserrat | 
				severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995) | 
				severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1996) | 
				
				  | 
				Morocco | 
				northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts | 
				northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Mozambique | 
				severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces | 
				severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods occur in central and southern provinces | 
				
				  | 
				Namibia | 
				prolonged periods of drought | 
				prolonged periods of drought | 
				
				  | 
				Nauru | 
				periodic droughts | 
				periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Navassa Island | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Nepal | 
				severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons | 
				severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons | 
				
				  | 
				Netherlands | 
				flooding | 
				flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Netherlands Antilles | 
				Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October | 
				Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October | 
				
				  | 
				New Caledonia | 
				cyclones, most frequent from November to March | 
				cyclones, most frequent from November to March | 
				
				  | 
				New Zealand | 
				earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity | 
				earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity | 
				
				  | 
				Nicaragua | 
				destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes | 
				destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes | 
				
				  | 
				Niger | 
				recurring droughts | 
				recurring droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Nigeria | 
				periodic droughts; flooding | 
				periodic droughts; flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Niue | 
				typhoons | 
				typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Norfolk Island | 
				typhoons (especially May to July) | 
				typhoons (especially May to July) | 
				
				  | 
				Northern Mariana Islands | 
				active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November) | 
				active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November) | 
				
				  | 
				Norway | 
				rockslides, avalanches | 
				rockslides, avalanches | 
				
				  | 
				Oman | 
				summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts | 
				summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Pacific Ocean | 
				surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December | 
				surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December | 
				
				  | 
				Pakistan | 
				frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) | 
				frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) | 
				
				  | 
				Palau | 
				typhoons (June to December) | 
				typhoons (June to December) | 
				
				  | 
				Palmyra Atoll | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Panama | 
				occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area | 
				occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area | 
				
				  | 
				Papua New Guinea | 
				active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis | 
				active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis | 
				
				  | 
				Paracel Islands | 
				typhoons | 
				typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Paraguay | 
				local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June) | 
				local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June) | 
				
				  | 
				Peru | 
				earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity | 
				earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity | 
				
				  | 
				Philippines | 
				astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis | 
				astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis | 
				
				  | 
				Pitcairn Islands | 
				typhoons (especially November to March) | 
				typhoons (especially November to March) | 
				
				  | 
				Poland | 
				flooding | 
				flooding | 
				
				  | 
				Portugal | 
				Azores subject to severe earthquakes | 
				Azores subject to severe earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Puerto Rico | 
				periodic droughts; hurricanes | 
				periodic droughts; hurricanes | 
				
				  | 
				Qatar | 
				haze, dust storms, sandstorms common | 
				haze, dust storms, sandstorms common | 
				
				  | 
				Reunion | 
				periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano | 
				periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano | 
				
				  | 
				Romania | 
				earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides | 
				earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides | 
				
				  | 
				Russia | 
				permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia | 
				permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia | 
				
				  | 
				Rwanda | 
				periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo | 
				periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo | 
				
				  | 
				Saint Helena | 
				active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha | 
				active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha | 
				
				  | 
				Saint Kitts and Nevis | 
				hurricanes (July to October) | 
				hurricanes (July to October) | 
				
				  | 
				Saint Lucia | 
				hurricanes and volcanic activity | 
				hurricanes and volcanic activity | 
				
				  | 
				Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 
				persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard | 
				persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard | 
				
				  | 
				Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 
				hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat | 
				hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat | 
				
				  | 
				Samoa | 
				occasional typhoons; active volcanism | 
				occasional typhoons; active volcanism | 
				
				  | 
				San Marino | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Sao Tome and Principe | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Saudi Arabia | 
				frequent sand and dust storms | 
				frequent sand and dust storms | 
				
				  | 
				Senegal | 
				lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts | 
				lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Serbia and Montenegro | 
				destructive earthquakes | 
				destructive earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Seychelles | 
				lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible | 
				lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible | 
				
				  | 
				Sierra Leone | 
				dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms | 
				dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms | 
				
				  | 
				Singapore | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Slovakia | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Slovenia | 
				flooding and earthquakes | 
				flooding and earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Solomon Islands | 
				typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanic activity | 
				typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanic activity | 
				
				  | 
				Somalia | 
				recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season | 
				recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season | 
				
				  | 
				South Africa | 
				prolonged droughts | 
				prolonged droughts | 
				
				  | 
				South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 
				the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism | 
				the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism | 
				
				  | 
				Southern Ocean | 
				huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 meter thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue | 
				huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 meter thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue | 
				
				  | 
				Spain | 
				periodic droughts | 
				periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Spratly Islands | 
				typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals | 
				typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals | 
				
				  | 
				Sri Lanka | 
				occasional cyclones and tornadoes | 
				occasional cyclones and tornadoes | 
				
				  | 
				Sudan | 
				dust storms and periodic persistent droughts | 
				dust storms and periodic persistent droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Suriname | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Svalbard | 
				ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic | 
				ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic | 
				
				  | 
				Swaziland | 
				drought | 
				drought | 
				
				  | 
				Sweden | 
				ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic | 
				ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic | 
				
				  | 
				Switzerland | 
				avalanches, landslides, flash floods | 
				avalanches, landslides, flash floods | 
				
				  | 
				Syria | 
				dust storms, sandstorms | 
				dust storms, sandstorms | 
				
				  | 
				Taiwan | 
				earthquakes and typhoons | 
				earthquakes and typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Tajikistan | 
				earthquakes and floods | 
				earthquakes and floods | 
				
				  | 
				Tanzania | 
				flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought | 
				flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought | 
				
				  | 
				Thailand | 
				land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts | 
				land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Togo | 
				hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts | 
				hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Tokelau | 
				lies in Pacific typhoon belt | 
				lies in Pacific typhoon belt | 
				
				  | 
				Tonga | 
				cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou | 
				cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou | 
				
				  | 
				Trinidad and Tobago | 
				outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms | 
				outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms | 
				
				  | 
				Tromelin Island | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Tunisia | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Turkey | 
				very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van | 
				very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van | 
				
				  | 
				Turkmenistan | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Turks and Caicos Islands | 
				frequent hurricanes | 
				frequent hurricanes | 
				
				  | 
				Tuvalu | 
				severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level | 
				severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level | 
				
				  | 
				Uganda | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Ukraine | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				United Arab Emirates | 
				frequent sand and dust storms | 
				frequent sand and dust storms | 
				
				  | 
				United Kingdom | 
				winter windstorms; floods | 
				winter windstorms; floods | 
				
				  | 
				United States | 
				tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development | 
				tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development | 
				
				  | 
				Uruguay | 
				seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts | 
				seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts | 
				
				  | 
				Uzbekistan | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				Vanuatu | 
				tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis | 
				tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis | 
				
				  | 
				Venezuela | 
				subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts | 
				subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Vietnam | 
				occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta | 
				occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta | 
				
				  | 
				Virgin Islands | 
				several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes | 
				several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes | 
				
				  | 
				Wake Island | 
				occasional typhoons | 
				occasional typhoons | 
				
				  | 
				Wallis and Futuna | 
				NA | 
				NA | 
				
				  | 
				West Bank | 
				droughts | 
				droughts | 
				
				  | 
				Western Sahara | 
				hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility | 
				hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility | 
				
				  | 
				World | 
				large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions) | 
				large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions) | 
				
				  | 
				Yemen | 
				sandstorms and dust storms in summer | 
				sandstorms and dust storms in summer | 
				
				  | 
				Zambia | 
				periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April) | 
				tropical storms (November to April) | 
				
				  | 
				Zimbabwe | 
				recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare | 
				recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare |